You will have to write your own story. Pick some sort of weather that sounds interesting to you, and imagine a planet where that weather would happen. Or you can imagine what would happen if that weather ran out of control, or if it stopped completely. There are lots of Science Fiction stories that use weather as a part of the plot.
fiction and non fiction
Writers write what is interesting to them. Science fiction writers wonder - constantly wonder - about the universe. Is there life on other worlds or are we all alone? What would life be like if we had two suns? How would a culture evolve if the dinosaurs had not died off? What will people in the future be like? Science fiction stories are stories of "why?" and "what if?"Science fiction is the most important literature in the history of the world, because it's the history of ideas, the history of our civilization birthing itself. ...Science fiction is central to everything we've ever done, and people who make fun of science fiction writers don't know what they're talking about.Ray Bradbury
The same types of characters you find in any other stories. Science fiction is not about strange alien characters, although you might find space aliens in them. It's about the science. Characters are going to be the same sorts of people, whether they're from Earth or not.
catabolism
Science affect you in every aspect of your daily life.
Most commonly people with political science degrees go to politics or law fields, but not everyone enjoys these fields. If you manage to sell the liberal arts aspect of the degree, any career involving communication will be available. Organization management is another option.
Phobias are an aspect of psychology, which is considered a science. So yes, phobias are a science of sorts
air movement
This is called an interpretation.
A scientific text is a book which deals with some aspect of science, such as a book on Biology.
The curing of Guinea worm disease
That depends on what aspect of salt you are looking at.