Non-consequentialist moral theories, such as deontology or virtue ethics, argue that the morality of an action is not solely determined by its consequences. Instead, these theories hold that certain actions are inherently right or wrong, regardless of their outcomes. This contrasts with consequentialist theories, like utilitarianism, which prioritize the consequences of an action in determining its moral worth.
The Theory of Moral Sentiments was created in 1759.
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There is no specific moral theory associated with Schulman and Mekler. However, Schulman and Mekler have made contributions to the field of moral development and psychology, particularly through their research on empathy and moral reasoning. They have also explored topics such as moral decision-making and ethical behavior in various contexts.
Error theory is a philosophical position in ethics that asserts moral statements are systematically false because they presuppose the existence of objective moral values, which do not exist. Proponents, like J.L. Mackie, argue that while people may express moral beliefs, these beliefs are based on misconceptions about morality's objective nature. Essentially, error theory maintains that moral discourse is flawed, as it relies on the assumption that there are moral truths when, according to the theory, there are none. This view contrasts with moral realism, which holds that there are indeed objective moral facts.
Lawrence Kohlberg developed a theory of moral reasoning that built upon Jean Piaget's cognitive development model. Kohlberg proposed a six-stage theory of moral development based on the reasoning behind moral decisions.
Teleological moral theory is a theory that judges the morality of an action based on its consequences or outcomes. It focuses on the end result or goal of the action rather than the action itself. Common forms of teleological moral theories include consequentialism and utilitarianism.
Utilitarianism
The superego is the moral branch of the personality in psychoanalytic theory. It operates based on societal norms and values, striving for perfection and enforcing moral principles through guilt and shame.
Moral reasoning theory by Kohlberg
Invisible hand theory, the economy will regulate itself without government intervention
Utilize nursing theory.