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Financial management employs various tools to assess and optimize an organization's financial health. Key tools include:

  1. Budgeting: This involves creating a financial plan that estimates revenue and expenses over a specific period. For instance, a company might prepare an annual budget to allocate resources effectively and control costs.

  2. Financial Ratios: These are metrics that evaluate a company's financial performance. For example, the debt-to-equity ratio assesses a firm's leverage, indicating the proportion of debt used to finance assets compared to shareholders' equity.

  3. Cash Flow Analysis: This tool tracks the inflow and outflow of cash, helping businesses manage liquidity. A retail store might analyze its cash flow to ensure it can meet short-term obligations like payroll and rent.

  4. Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) Analysis: This evaluates how changes in costs and volume affect a company's operating income. For instance, a manufacturer can determine how many units need to be sold to cover fixed and variable costs.

  5. Capital Budgeting: This process involves planning for significant investments or expenditures. For example, a corporation might use net present value (NPV) analysis to decide whether to invest in a new production facility based on projected cash flows.

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