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Oxygen is the most abundant element on the Earth's surface (or "crust"). It comprises 49.5 percent of the total mass (amount) of the Earth's crust, waters, and atmosphere.
Silicon is the second most abundant element. Silicon dioxide and silicates (salts derived from silicon dioxide) make up about 87 percent of the materials in the Earth's crust.
(Source: Tzimopoulos, Nicholas D., et al. Modern Chemistry, pp. 289, 758.)
However water is the most common substance on the surface of the Earth.
In the atmosphere, Nitrogen is the most common element (78%).
It is believed that the core of our planet is mostly made of iron (at very high pressure and density), so iron would be the most common element within the Earth.
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