Accounting assigns the cost of an asset to those periods during which the asset provides economic benefit to the firm. However, to analyze a capital investment proposal, we often have to be able to translate the accounting profit figures into actual cash flows, in order that we can apply "time value of money" techniques to the timing of these cash flows.
Cash flow rather than net income is used in capital budgeting analysis because the primary concern is with the amount of actual dollars generated. For example, depreciation is subtracted out in arriving at net income, but this non-cash deduction should be added back in to determine cash flow or actual dollars generated.
As capital budgeting involve decision making which is for long term time period that's why time value of money imprecations are included while calculating capital budget and that's why present value of actual cash flows are used rather the real value of cash flows.
Financial modelling is the use of financial mathematics for forecasting, capital budgeting, and scenario planning. It is an experience that is learnt well through job practice rather than in School.
Capital gains taxes are typically considered regressive rather than progressive because they are often taxed at a lower rate than ordinary income, which can benefit wealthier individuals who earn a significant portion of their income from investments.
REIT dividends are not qualified for preferential tax treatment because REITs are required to distribute at least 90 of their taxable income to shareholders, which includes both ordinary income and capital gains. This means that all REIT dividends are taxed at the shareholder's ordinary income tax rate, rather than at the lower capital gains tax rate.
Cash flow rather than net income is used in capital budgeting analysis because the primary concern is with the amount of actual dollars generated. For example, depreciation is subtracted out in arriving at net income, but this non-cash deduction should be added back in to determine cash flow or actual dollars generated.
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Capital appreciation funds seek to maximize capital gains, rather than current income.
As capital budgeting involve decision making which is for long term time period that's why time value of money imprecations are included while calculating capital budget and that's why present value of actual cash flows are used rather the real value of cash flows.
Net income is not considered capital; rather, it represents a company's profit after all expenses and taxes have been deducted from total revenue. While net income can contribute to retained earnings, which is part of a company's equity, it is not capital in itself. Capital typically refers to the financial assets or resources that a company uses to fund its operations and growth, such as equity and debt. Thus, net income can be reinvested into the business as capital but does not qualify as capital on its own.
owners withdrawal are not part of income statement as neither it is income or expense of business rather it is reduction of owner capital from business that’s why it is shown under liability side as a reduction of owner capital in balance sheet.
Aggressive growth funds seek to maximize capital gains, rather than current income
Withdrawals are those amount which taken out from business by owners of business and it is not part of income statement rather it is shown as deduction from owners capital in balance sheet.
Financial modelling is the use of financial mathematics for forecasting, capital budgeting, and scenario planning. It is an experience that is learnt well through job practice rather than in School.
Capital gains taxes are typically considered regressive rather than progressive because they are often taxed at a lower rate than ordinary income, which can benefit wealthier individuals who earn a significant portion of their income from investments.
Drawings is a contra account to owner’s capital which is used for owners withdrawals from business so it is not part of income statement rather it is part of balance sheet and shown as a deduction from owner’s capital.
With results based budgeting in Zimbabwe, funds are allocated based on defined progressive steps. Rather than have funds available not tracked to measurable results, results based budgeting provides incentive to perform.