The delicate exchange surfaces of fish gills are protected by several adaptations. Mucus secreted by specialized cells helps trap debris and pathogens, reducing the risk of damage and infection. Additionally, the gill structure is supported by bony or cartilaginous arches that provide mechanical stability. Lastly, the gills are often located within a bony gill cover (operculum) that shields them from physical harm.
The exchange surfaces in lobsters, primarily found in their gills, are kept moist through the constant flow of water over them. As lobsters swim or move through water, they actively pump water over their gills, facilitating gas exchange. Additionally, the gills are lined with a thin layer of mucus that helps maintain moisture and enhances the efficiency of respiration. This combination allows for effective oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide release in their aquatic environment.
To exchange for oxygen in water.
Aquatic arthropods mostly exchange gases through (c) gills; some (like the horseshoe crabs) have book gills. The "book lungs" term usually applies to most arachnids like scorpions and spiders, which are terrestrial; most other terrestrial arthropods exchange gases through special holes in their segments called spiracles, attached to the tracheal tubules/tracheola which connect directly to the tissues.
gills
The gills of a mushroom house the basidia, the cells on which the spores are produced. The gills function as a large surface area over which to produce millions of spores that is exposed air yet protected from large fluctuations in air temperature, moisture, etc.
The Gills
in their gills.
Gills
gills
In prawns, gas exchange occurs through specialized gill structures. These gills are rich in blood vessels and allow for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the prawn's respiratory system and the surrounding water. The thin, permeable surface of the gills facilitates efficient gas exchange.
Crayfish exchange gases through gills located underneath their carapace. Water is drawn in through the crayfish's openings and passes over the gills, where oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide is released.
Across the alveoli and capillaries.