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Uhud was a retaliation from Mecca following the Battle of Badr.

The Meccans perceived Badr as an unprovoked attack on their warriors for no other reason than that the Muslims wanted to steal their goods. 66 Meccans were slain and 68 more were taken prisoner, while only 14 Muslims died. The Meccans wanted to punish the Muslims and teach them not to start wars for no reason.

So one year after Badr, the Meccans went to Medina for a counter-attack. The Jews of Medina, who also wanted to get rid of Mohammed, had shown them the weak points of the city. Abu Sufyan, the high chief of Mecca, clearly stated that they had no hostility towards Medina in general, only towards the Muslims in particular; and when he said this, about a third of the Medinan army went home and did not fight.

The Meccans then joined battle against those who remained loyal to Mohammed. In fact, Mohammed was winning at first; the battle only went against him when the Muslims stopped to collect booty before the Meccans had given up fighting them. 75 Muslims and 22 Meccans were killed at this battle.

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As one comment on the answer above, neither Muslims nor the prophet are robbers. it happened coincidentally that a group of pagan merchants from Mecca (Or Makkah) was passing by AlMadinah (or Medina) and Muslims thought that it could be a good chance to get the property of those people as compensation for all their properties, lands, money, houses that they left behind in Mecca when they migrated to Medina. However, verses from Quran was revealed to the prophet to prepare for their fighting to suppress their tyranny and aggression. The merchants got support of warriors from Mecca and the Badr battle started between the two fronts of warriors. The pagans were in much more numbers and war provisions than Muslims during this battle.

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When did the battle of Uhud happen?

The Battle of Uhud happened in March 11th 625 AD.


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Who were belligerents in the Battle of Uhud?

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The Qur'an (in 3:166-168) does castigate the Munafiqun or Hypocrites who fled the Battle of Uhud, but does not name them. It is from the Sunnah that we know that it is 'Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy (the chief of the Pagan Khazraj tribe).


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