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The artists of that era went through a system known as the academies instituted with the Ecole de Beaux Arts.

Although there were independent studios and separated factions, they basically addressed the same issues in training, seeing, practice, and manipulation of paint.

Some artists under-painted with a grisaille (single color), others under-painted painted slightly thicker (with a loaded brush of color) or thinly (with a glaze). Others painted a frotte or scumbling techniques. Most all of the artists scraped their paintings to achieve the thin effect.

The brushes varied from artist to artist, some used all bristle brushes of all sizes included brights, flats, and rounds but for detains they used round or square sables.

Painting knives were also used to manipulate the paint. However, the main thing that was used for the manipulation was the painting medium or no medium at all.

The system (academies) had a detailed course of action that all their students followed. This was to begin with drawing until you mastered it. Utilizing casts by drawing from them. The procedure with the casts was that they used at the beginning two flat tones (light and dark) and later in the process placing the half tones. When mastery of the above and line drawing was acquired they passed on to painting various limbs from the human models beginning with the head.

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Q: How did artists paint in the 19th century?
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