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Many banks collapsed in the wake of the Hawley-Smoot Tariff because the tariff led to a significant reduction in international trade, exacerbating the economic downturn during the Great Depression. As tariffs increased, foreign countries retaliated with their own tariffs, leading to a sharp decline in exports. This situation weakened businesses that relied on trade, resulting in widespread bankruptcies and loan defaults, which in turn destabilized the banking system. The resulting loss of confidence in banks led to widespread bank runs, further contributing to their collapse.

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