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Sir Charles Thomson is considered the founder of oceanography due to his pioneering work on the Challenger Expedition from 1872 to 1876. He led the first systematic scientific exploration of the oceans, collecting extensive data on marine life, water temperature, and the seafloor. His comprehensive reports laid the groundwork for modern oceanographic research, revealing the vast complexity and diversity of the marine environment. Thomson's contributions helped establish oceanography as a distinct scientific discipline.

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