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Hydrates are crystalline solids that contain a fixed number of water molecules as an integral part of their crystalline structure. The number of water molecules bound per metal ion is often characteristic of that particular metal ion. One of the more common hydrates is copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate, which contains 5 moles of water per 1 mol of copper(II) sulfate, written as CuSO4·5H2O. It is used as a catalytic precursor, fungicide, and as a source of copper in chemical manufacturing processes. Epsom salt is magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, MgSO4·7H2O. Epsom salt is used to reduce inflammation when applied externally.

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