EXPERIMENT: 1
Object: To find the wavelength of Sodium light by Newton's ring.
Apparatus required: A Plano convex lens of large radius of curvature, optical arrangement for
Newton's rings, plane glass plate; sodium lamp and traveling microscope.
Formula used: The wavelength of light is given by the formula
λ =D n
2
+p -Dn
2 / 4pR
Where D n+p = diameter of (n+p)th ring
Dn = diameter of n th ring,
P = an integer number,
R = radius of curvature of the curved face of the Plano- convex lens.
Procedure:
(1) If a point source is used only then we require a convex lens otherwise while using
an extended source, convex lens L1 is not required.
(2) Before starting the experiment the glass plates G1 and G2 and the plano convex
lens should be thoroughly cleaned.
(3) The centre of lens L2 is well illuminated by adjusting the inclination of glass plate
G1 at 45.
(4) Focus the eyepiece on the cross-wire and move the microscope in the vertical plane
by means of rack and pin on arrangements till the rings are quite distinct. Clamp the
microscope in the vertical side.
(5) According to the theory, the centre of the interference fringes should be dark but
sometimes the centre appears white. This is due to the presence of dust particles
between glass plates G2 and plano-convex lens L2. In this case the lens should be
again cleaned.
(6) Move the microscope in a horizontal direction to one side of the fringes. Fix up the
crosswire tangential to the ring and note this reading. Again the microscope is moved in the
horizontal plane and the cross wire is fixed tangentially to the successive bright fringes noting
the vernier readings till the other side is reached. This is shown in fig. (2)
(7) The radius of curvature of the plano-convex lens is determined by Boy's method as
discussed below:
If an object is placed at the principal focus of convex lens placed over a plane mirror,
its image is formed at same point and the distance from the lens is equal to the focal length
f of the lens as shown in fig. (3i).
If the mirror is removed and the object is moved along the axis, a position will come
where the image of the object formed by the lens coincides with object as shown in fig.
(3ii). If the direction of a ray starting from O is such that it is incident normally on the
spherical surface, the ray returns to its previous path and forms the images at the same
point. Since the refracted ray is normally incident on the surface, it appears to come from the
centre of curvature C. Hence in this case TO=u and TC=v=R we have
.
Knowing the value of u, the value of R can be calculated because the value of f is already known
with the help of fig. (3i).
The radius of the curvature can also be determined by the using a spherometer. In this case
Where l is the distance between the two legs of the spherometer as shown in fig.(4). H is the
difference of the readings of the spectrometer when it is placed on the lens as well as when
placed on the plane surface.
RESULT: The mean wavelength λ of sodium light = …0 A
Standard mean wavelength λ= …0 A
Percentage Error = …%
SOURCES OF ERROR and PRECAUTION:
(1) Glass plates and lens should be cleaned thoroughly.
(2) The lens used should be of large radius of curvature.
(3) The sources of light used should be an extended one.
(4) Before measuring the diameter of rings, the range of the microscope should be properly
adjusted.
(5) Crosswire should be focused on a bright ring tangentially.
(6) Radius of curvature should be measured accurately.
VIVA- VOCE
Q.1. What is Newton's ring?
Q.2. Why are these rings circular?
Q.3. Why do you an extended source of light here?
Q.4. Why do the rings get closer as the order of the rings increase?
Q.5. On what factors does the diameter of ring depend?
Q.6. Do you get rings in the transmitted light?
Q.7. Why Is the centre of the ring dark?
Q.8. Sometimes the centre is bright. Why?
Q.9. What will happen when the glass plate is silvered on its front surface?
Q.10. What will happen when sodium lamp is replaced by white light source?
Q.11. What will happen if a few drops of a transparent liquid are introduced
between the lens and plate?
Q.12. Why do we make the light fall on the convex lens normally? What will happen
if the light incident obliquely?
Q.13. How can you determine R?
Figure1
Figure 2 Figure 3
OBSERVATION: Value of one division of the main scale=…cm.
No of division on the vernier scale=…
Least count of the microscope = …cm.
Table for determination of (D2
n+p - D2
n) :
No.
Of
The
rings
Micrometer
reading
Diameter
D=(a-b)
cm.
D2
=(a-b)2
cm2
(D2
n+p - D2
n)
cm2
Mean
Cm2
p
Left
End
a cm.
Right
End
b cm.
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
….
…
….
….
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
….
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
.
….
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
….
….
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
8
Table for determination of R:
S.No Position of Position of f. cm Position of
object lens placed
on plane
mirror
lens in
absence of
plane
mirror
u R = uf /f-u
.cm
1
2
3
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
Using spherometer method:
S.No Spherometer Reading
h =(b-a)
cm.
Mean h
cm.
Zero reading on plane
surface
Reading on lens
M.S V.S Total
cm.
M.S V.S Total
cm.
1
2
3
…
…
…
…
…
…
(a)
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
(b)
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
Distance between the two legs of spherometer l = …cms.
Calculations:
Using Boy's method:
R = uf /f-u = …cms
Using Spherometer method:
R = (l2 / h ).+ (h / 2)
The wavelength of sodium light is given by:
λ = (D2
n+p - D2
n)/ 4pR = …0 A
The value of (D2
n+p - D2
n) can also be obtained using a graph as shown in fig.(5). The graph is
plotted between the square of diameter of the ring along Y-axis and corresponding number of ring
along X-axis.
Figure 4 Graph
Energy,E=h*c/Wavelength h is Planks const.,c is velocity of light
The Wavelenght of microwaves is between 1m to 1mm, the visible light has a wavelength of ca 350nm-750nm. A Short wavelenght means a high frequency and fequency indicates a high energylevel. Therefore Micorwaves have a verylow energy, comparet with the normal light. So: It is harmless! Neramo
255 nanometers is 0.000000255m
white light can be split into the colours of the rainbow
isaac newton's colour disk shows that white light isn't really,it is a mixture of seven colours that are violet,indigo,blue,green,yellow,orange and red.
light consist of many wavelenght and different wavelenght will be absorb by different object leaving certain wavelenght to escape and thus the colour of the object is shown
black
Neither the amplitude nor the speed does.
Visible light. The higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength.
Energy,E=h*c/Wavelength h is Planks const.,c is velocity of light
UV has a wavelenght of 400nm and less you can calculate the frequency with this formula V (frequency) = c (speed of light) / λ (wavelenght)
The wavelenght of blue light is shorter than green light.
very roughly 350 to 750 nanometers
it is short wavelength
Because of the nitrogenous bases that absorbs light maximally at 260nm wavelenght
wavelength = velocity / frequency
400 to 700 nm because white light is the mixture of all 7 coloured lights.