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Until Van Niels hypothesis, the current theory was that CO2 was split and it was this splitting that produced the O2 in photosynthesis. He found two main things the did not support this theory. He posited that O2 was from H20 breakdown.
1. Van Niel studied photosynthesis in anaerobic bactera and found that they use the carbon in CO2 to produce carbohydrates, but do not release O2. In these bacteria CO2 is not split into carbon and oxygen, so why should aerobic plants be an exception?
2. He studied a photosynthetic bacteria that split H2S (hydrogen sulfide) to make carbohydrates. And proposed that all photosynthetic organisms require a hydrogen source. In plants H20 is the hydrogen source and a source of electrons in PSII, O2 is just the byproduct of the H20 breakdown.
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