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Human females are XX; males are XY.

In humans, females have 22 pairs of chromosomes called autosomes, plus one pair of sex chromosomes, consisting of two copies of chromosome X. The X chromosome is between chromosomes 7 and 8 in size. Males have the same autosomes, but their sex chromosomes consist of one X and one relatively tiny Y, which is the shortest chromosome humans have except for chromosomes 21 and 22.

Many other animals determine their sex the same way. But birds, moths, and butterflies are the other way round (males are WW; females WZ), and some animals use a different system altogether, such as whether the egg is fertilized or not: honey bees, for example.

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