Over which issues did science and religion clash during the first scientific revolution?

Answer 1

Il terzo libro di Gelileo - la Diagramma verità (d III) era sul sistema solare!

Many people wrongly believe it was Galileo's hypothesis that the sun was the center of the earth, and that the Church rejected this. The conflict is used as some sort of "proof" that the Church is anti-science and antiquated. That is not true. It is a little more complicated than that. Prior to Galileo, Copernicus ( a Catholic monk) hypothesized the heliocentric theory. The Church had no problem with this, but interestingly many Protestant theologians were upset over it. Opposition was first raised against the Copernican system by Protestant theologians for Biblical reasons, and strange to say it has continued,at least sporadic-ally, to our own days. A list of many of their pamphlets is enumerated by Beckmann. On the Catholic side opposition only commenced seventy-three years later, when it was occasioned by Galileo. On March 5, 1616, the work of Copernicus was forbidden by the Congregation of the Index"until corrected", and in 1620 these corrections were indicated.... Later Galileo took up this same theory. He, obviously was right about the sun being the center, but at the time this was not known, and rejected by scientists of his day.Galileo's problems came when he insisted on moving his theory to the theological realm. At Galileo's request, Cardinal Robert Bellarmine, a Jesuit-one of the most important Catholic theologians of the day-issued a certificate that, although it forbade Galileo to hold or defend the heliocentric theory, did not prevent him from conjecturing it. When Galileo met with the new pope,Urban VIII,in 1623, he received permission from his longtime friend to write a work on heliocentric, but the new pontiff cautioned him not to advocate the new position, only to present arguments for and against it. When Galileo wrote the Dialogue on the Two World Systems, he used an argument the pope had offered, and placed it in the mouth of his character Simplicio. Galileo, perhaps inadvertently, made fun of the pope, a result that could only have disastrous consequences. Urban felt mocked and could not believe how his friend could disgrace him publicly. Galileo had mocked the very person he needed as a benefactor. He also alienated his long-time supporters, the Jesuits, with attacks on one of their astronomers. The result was the infamous trial, which is still heralded as the final separation of science and religion. So the controversy had to do with a scientific theory which had not yet been proved, but also with what was going on at the time. The Protestant Reformation had just turned Christendom upside down. Ultimately, Galileo could not yet prove his theory, it was still a theory. His insistence that the Church make a theological decree concerning it was the problem. It would be like Darwin insisting that the Catholic Church make a declaration that his theory of evolution was correct. The Church, to this day, wouldn't do that. Evolution is still a theory, however the Church has said that a belief in an evolutionary process is not at odds with a belief in God. The same would have been with Galileo, the Church allowed him, even after his arrest, to continue his research and work!

Answer 2

The birth and growth of science led to the conflict between scientists and the church

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Answer 3

The Church had a geocentric view on the universe: they believed that the earth was the centre of the universe. But in the meanwhile, the telescope was invented, and scientists slowely found out that it was the earth that orbited around the earth.

Answer 4

Il terzo libro di Gelileo - la Diagramma verità (d III) era sul sistema solare!

Many people wrongly believe it was Galileo's hypothesis that the sun was the center of the earth, and that the Church rejected this. The conflict is used as some sort of "proof" that the Church is anti-science and antiquated. That is not true. It is a little more complicated than that. Prior to Galileo, Copernicus ( a Catholic monk) hypothesized the heliocentric theory. The Church had no problem with this, but interestingly many Protestant theologians were upset over it. Opposition was first raised against the Copernican system by Protestant theologians for Biblical reasons, and strange to say it has continued,at least sporadic-ally, to our own days. A list of many of their pamphlets is enumerated by Beckmann. On the Catholic side opposition only commenced seventy-three years later, when it was occasioned by Galileo. On March 5, 1616, the work of Copernicus was forbidden by the Congregation of the Index"until corrected", and in 1620 these corrections were indicated.... Later Galileo took up this same theory. He, obviously was right about the sun being the center, but at the time this was not known, and rejected by scientists of his day.Galileo's problems came when he insisted on moving his theory to the theological realm. At Galileo's request, Cardinal Robert Bellarmine, a Jesuit-one of the most important Catholic theologians of the day-issued a certificate that, although it forbade Galileo to hold or defend the heliocentric theory, did not prevent him from conjecturing it. When Galileo met with the new pope,Urban VIII,in 1623, he received permission from his longtime friend to write a work on heliocentric, but the new pontiff cautioned him not to advocate the new position, only to present arguments for and against it. When Galileo wrote the Dialogue on the Two World Systems, he used an argument the pope had offered, and placed it in the mouth of his character Simplicio. Galileo, perhaps inadvertently, made fun of the pope, a result that could only have disastrous consequences. Urban felt mocked and could not believe how his friend could disgrace him publicly. Galileo had mocked the very person he needed as a benefactor. He also alienated his long-time supporters, the Jesuits, with attacks on one of their astronomers. The result was the infamous trial, which is still heralded as the final separation of science and religion. So the controversy had to do with a scientific theory which had not yet been proved, but also with what was going on at the time. The Protestant Reformation had just turned Christendom upside down. Ultimately, Galileo could not yet prove his theory, it was still a theory. His insistence that the Church make a theological decree concerning it was the problem. It would be like Darwin insisting that the Catholic Church make a declaration that his theory of evolution was correct. The Church, to this day, wouldn't do that. Evolution is still a theory, however the Church has said that a belief in an evolutionary process is not at odds with a belief in God. The same would have been with Galileo, the Church allowed him, even after his arrest, to continue his research and work!

Answer 5

Galileo was an astronomer who made discoveries by turning a telescope on the night sky. The discoveries he made led him to suspect that the ancient theory of the planets, the Ptolemaic theory with the Earth at the center, was seriously wrong, which is in keeping with the modern scientific view. He became convinced that the later Copernican theory, published in 1543, with the Sun at the center, must be correct.

At the time there was nothing to show conclusively that the Copernican theory was correct. The church said he was free to teach it as a theory but not to say that it was the absolute truth.

Galileo continued to insist that the Copernican theory, with the Sun at the center, was correct, and when he published a book called 'Dialogue of the two world systems' which portrayed the Pope as a simpleton, the church put him on trial to examine his beliefs. The court's decision was that he had insufficient evidence. After being threatened with torture Galileo recanted.

At about the same time, Johannes Kepler came up with an entirely new theory for the planets, which he said moved in elliptical orbits with the Sun at the center. This view later became generally accepted after Newton's theoretical discoveries of the laws of motion and the law of gravity.

So if the church had accepted the Copernican view, as Galileo wanted, they would have had to change their mind again later when the Kepler model was shown to be correct. But in the basic idea that the Sun is at the center rather than the Earth, Galileo was correct, even though at the time no-one could prove it one way or the other.

Answer 6

Galileo's work came into conflict with the church because he advocated a heliocentric model of out solar system. This conflicted with what it says in The Bible.