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The simply answer is that in the outer shell each of the halogens have only seven electrons, this is the reason why they are the most reactive nonmetals, they wish to require a further electron to become stable.

Fluorine (F) Atomic number 9 [He] 2s22p5 note the second shell is the outer shell and has only 7 electrons, to be stable it has to have eight.

Chlorine (Cl) Atomic number 17 [Ne] 3s23p5 note this its the third shell which is the outer shell and has only 7 electrons, to be stable it has to have eight.

For Bromine (Br) we find its the fourth shell is the outer shell which has seven elections, and finally Iodine (I) we find its the fifth shell which is the outer shell and it has only 7 electrons, to be stable it has to have eight.

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