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Besides glucose what other kinds of molecules can be used to produce ATP in cellular respiration?
Glycerol (from fatty acids) can be entered into Glycolysis at its 3Carbon stage
Why light independent phase of photosynthesis called c3 cycle?
The light-independent phase of photosynthesis is called the C3 cycle because the first organic compound produced during this phase contains three carbon atoms. This compound is 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA), which is formed in the Calvin-Benson cycle by fixing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Which is the lightest substance among these four 1oxygen 2nitrogen 3hydrogen 3carbon?
Hydrogen is the lightest substance among these four elements. It has the lowest atomic number and atomic weight, making it the lightest element on the periodic table.
What is puruvate?
Did you mean "pyruvate"? Pyruvate is an important molecule in biochemistry that plays a key role in the energy production process known as glycolysis. It is the end product of glycolysis and can either be converted into acetyl CoA for further energy production in the citric acid cycle or converted into lactate in certain conditions.
Which of the following is represented in the highest percentage by volume in dry air 1oxygen 2nitrogen 3carbon dioxide 4hydrogen?
Nitrogen is represented in the highest percentage by volume in dry air, at approximately 78%. Oxygen is the next most abundant gas in the atmosphere, at around 21%. Carbon dioxide is present in a much lower percentage, around 0.04%. Hydrogen is present in trace amounts in the atmosphere.
How do you write the balanced equation for saponification of glyceryl tristearate with aqueous sodium hydroxide?
The balanced equation for the saponification of glyceryl tristearate (C57H110O6) with aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is: C57H110O6 + 3NaOH → 3NaC17H35COO + C3H5(OH)3 (glycerol) This reaction produces sodium stearate (the soap) and glycerol.
What are the 3 steps of aerobic cellular respiration?
Aerobic respiration is the discharge of energy from glucose or another organic substrate in the presence of OxygenThe three stages of aerobic respiration are glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.Glycolysis takes place inside the cytoplasm; the citric acid cycle takes place inside the mitochondria, and the oxidative phosphorylation takes places in the mitochondria.Cellular respiration is in three stages as follows:GLYCOLYSISTakes place in the cytoplasm of the cell and is common to both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.glycolysis means literally that glucose is split and the 6 carbon glucose molecule is broken down to 2 X 3carbon molecules of Pyruvic acid. This produces a net gain of 2 ATP molecules.If oxygen is absent (anaerobic) in animal cells, such as muscle, 3C Pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid.In plant cells, such as yeast, pyruvic acid is converted to 2C Ethanol + CO2 (fermentation)In both of the above only 2 ATP molecules are produced per glucose molecule respired.If oxygen is present (aerobic), pyruvic acid enters the mitochondrion to the fluid matrix where Kreb's cycle stages occur.During Kreb's cycle Citric acid is initially formed and is then broken down in a series of enzyme controlled rections releasing CO2 (waste product) and hydrogen.Hydrogen is picked up by a hydrogen carrier molecule called NAD and transported to the hydrogen carrier sytem (Cytochrome sytem) on the cristae of the mitochondrion for the final stage of respiration.Cytochrome system- electron transport system:Hydrogen is passed along a chain of hydrogen carrier molecules by a series of oxidation and reduction reactions.each time a hydrogen molecule is passed along, a molecule of ATP is produced from ADP and phosphate.The final Hydrogen acceptor is oxygen and produces a molecule of water (the other waste product).In all, 36 ATP molecules are generated during the Cytochrome system, making a total of 38 ATP (36 from cytochrome system + 2 ATP from glycolysis) produced when Glucose is respired aerobically.This makes aerobic respiration 19X more efficient at producing ATP than anaerobic respiration.Hope this helps!
Which gasoline brand provides the best fuel mileage?
All gasoline comes from the same refineries. What matters is the additive that each brand adds to the gasoline. Good standard brands are Chevron, Texaco and then Mobil.It's true. All gas comes from the same distributor. Different brands, Shell/Mobil, Chevron/Texaco, Diamond Shamrock, etc. chemicals are then added after the tanker truck is filled.All the octane does is slow down the burning of gas. Cetane on the other hand, speeds up the burning of diesel fuel.Gasoline's will give similar gas mileage, but some have additives. Some cars need higher octanes to run better.Octane is a unit of measure. It describes the burn rate of gasoline as compared to pure Octane. Octane burns at 100% and 87 octane gasoline produces 13% less energy than pure octane. Octane is an eight carbon chain like methane (one carbon) or propane (3carbon chain). The octane rating of pure gasoline is around 55, the manufacturers add components like benzene to boost the octane rating to what engineers designed the engines to burn. So the higher the octane rating the faster the gasoline will burn.The answer where it was stated "ALL OCTANE DOES IS PREVENT YOUR CAR'S ENGINE FROM PINGING" is generally a pretty good answer to this. Octane truly is the gases ability to resist "knock". Knock is a technical term used to describe premature detonation due to compression. What this all boils down to is that certain high performance vehicles has high compression within their cylinders. This high compression squeezes the gas so much that it ignites before it is supposed to. Your cylinder is supposed to fire near top dead center when the pistons upward motion is almost stopped. When you have "knock" the piston is still traveling very fast upward and the combustion of gas forces the piston to move back down when it doesn't want to. This is what creates the "pinging" or "knock" that you hear from inside the engine. The best example I have of this is imagine that your fist is a piston and you punching something statiopnary is the motion of the piston. If you just stand there and punch something the impact is rather low and your arm wont hurt very much. Now imagine punching something that is coming towards you at a fast rate.... the impact is much greater and it will hurt your arm. That is a good way to vision what is happening during engine knock and why it is bad for your vehicle. So the octane rating determines its resistance to this premature detonation. A higher rating will not ignite as easily under compression. The higher rating WILL NOT, I repeat, WILL NOT increase your vehicles efficiency. That is not part of its design and is a common misconception that could save people a lot of money. That being said, If you car is supercharged, turbo charged or says it "recommends super unleaded" then please DO use it, as you can cause severe engine damage if you don't, as stated above.
