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three levels of data abstraction are:

1. Physical level : how the data is stored physically and where it is stored in

database.

2. Logical level : what information or data is stored in the database (like what is the

datatype or what is format of data.

3.View level : end users work on view level. if any amendment is made it can be

saved by other name.

for the database to be usable it must retrieve data efficently.this efficency led designer to use complex data structure in the database

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