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What is the speed at which a reaction occurs called?
The chemical term is reaction rate.
What is the effect of the nature of solvent to the rate of solubility?
As long as all the reactants are completely soluble in the solvent, it will not have a very large effect on the reaction rate. The temperature of the solution is a much more important factor in controlling reaction rates, and increasing the temperature will increase the rate for most reactions. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The influence of solvents on the rates of reactions was discovered by Berthelot & Gilles. Let us examine the influence of solvents on the following 3 reactions. 1. (C2H5)3N + C2H5I ---> (C2H5)4 N+ I- 2. N2O5 ---->N2O3 + O2 3. (CH3CO)2O + C2H5OH -----> CH3COOC2H5 + CH3COOH The rate constant for the 1st reaction varied from 0.00018 in hexane to 0.133 in benzyl alcohol and 70.1 in nitrobenzene. The rate constant of the 2nd reaction was more or less the same in different solvents while the influence of solvents on the rate constant of the 3rd reaction was almost the reverse of the 1st reaction. (0.0119 in hexane and 0.00245 in nitrobenzene)Solvents influence the reaction rates in 3 different manners. 1. Polarity of solvent If the reaction is one in which the products are more polar than the reactants then a polar solvent accelerates the reaction. In reaction (1) the product being a salt is more polar than the reactants which are comparatively less polar. So the reaction is accelerated in the presence of polar solvents like benzyl alcohol. On the other hand if the reactants are more polar than the products like reaction (3), a polar solvent decreases the reaction rate. In general a polar solvent hastens the reaction in the direction of increasing polarity. When both reactants and products are non polar, polarity of solvents will have no influence on the rate of the reaction and the rate is independent of the nature of the solvent which is what happened in reaction (2). 2. Influence of solvation If either the reactant or the product or the activated complex interacts with the solvent, there may be considerable influence on the rate of the reaction. When the reactants interact with the solvent and are solvated leading to lowering the potential energy of the reactants then the activation energy increases lowering the reaction rate. On the other hand if the activated complex interacts with the solvent and is solvated lowering the potential energy, the activation energy decreases and the rate of the reaction increases. If both the activated complex as well as reactants is solvated, the influence of solvent on the rate may not be considerable. The influence of solvation of products will not have any influence on the rate unless it is a reversible reaction. 3.Dielectric constant of the solvent The work done in bringing 2 charges q1 & q2 from infinity to r is given by, W = q1.q2/D r where D is the dielectric constant of the medium and r is the distance between the charges. So in the case of ionic reactions taking place in the presence of solvents, the dielectric constant of the solvent plays a major role. The more the value of D, the more is the ionization. This work is equal to the electrostatic contribution to the increase of Gibb's free energy from the initial to the transition state. If the signs on the charges are same, then work done is positive; if they are different, then it is negative. The logarithm of the rate constant of an ionic reaction varies inversely with the dielectric constant at a given temperature.
What effect dose temperature have on reaction rate?
It depends on the original temperature, but the rule of thumb is that near normal room temperature, raising the temperature by ten degrees will roughly double the reaction rate.
What effects does the concentration of reactants have on the rate of the reaction?
increasing the concentration increases the rate of the reaction
How does an enzyme influence a biological reaction?
All reactions, even exergonic, need an activation energy to happen. Enzymes provide that activation energy. Sometimes by their R groups, sometimes by stressing bonds in a molecule in their activation site and sometimes by only providing a space apart from the cytosol in their activation site for two substrates to react.
What factors influence the rate of a forward reaction in a chemical reaction?
The rate of a forward reaction in a chemical reaction is influenced by factors such as temperature, concentration of reactants, surface area, and the presence of catalysts. These factors can affect how quickly the reactants are converted into products.
What does the rate of reaction dependent on?
rate of reaction depends on the amount of reactants
What are the key factors that influence the outcome of the Bray-Liebhafsky reaction?
The key factors that influence the outcome of the Bray-Liebhafsky reaction include the concentrations of reactants, temperature, presence of catalysts, and the pH of the reaction mixture. These factors can affect the rate of the reaction and the formation of products.
What factors influence the rate constant in a chemical reaction?
The rate constant in a chemical reaction is influenced by factors such as temperature, concentration of reactants, presence of catalysts, and the nature of the reactants and their physical state.
What are the key factors that influence the rate of aluminum oxidation reaction?
The key factors that influence the rate of aluminum oxidation reaction are temperature, surface area of the aluminum, presence of catalysts, and the concentration of oxygen in the environment. These factors can affect how quickly the aluminum reacts with oxygen to form aluminum oxide.
What are the key factors that influence the phenol-formaldehyde reaction?
The key factors that influence the phenol-formaldehyde reaction include the ratio of phenol to formaldehyde, the pH level of the reaction mixture, the temperature of the reaction, and the presence of catalysts or inhibitors. These factors can affect the rate of the reaction, the formation of desired products, and the overall efficiency of the process.
What are the factors that influence the rate of the SN1 reaction of allyl chloride?
The rate of the SN1 reaction of allyl chloride is influenced by factors such as the stability of the carbocation intermediate, the nature of the solvent, and the leaving group ability of the chloride ion.
What are the 5 important factors that influence the rate of a chemical reaction?
The key factors that influence the rate of a chemical reaction are concentration of reactants, temperature, presence of a catalyst, surface area of reactants, and the nature of the reactants and products.
What Factors that influence the purity of a precipitate?
Factors that influence the purity of a precipitate include the solubility of the precipitate in the reaction mixture, the pH of the solution, the presence of impurities or competing ions, the temperature of the reaction, and the rate of precipitation. Proper isolation techniques and careful control of these factors are essential to ensure the purity of the precipitate.
What are the four factors that affect the rate of a chemical reaction?
The four factors that affect the rate of a chemical reaction are the concentration of reactants, temperature, presence of a catalyst, and surface area of reactants (for reactions involving solids or liquids). These factors influence how frequently and effectively particles collide to form products.
Does enthalpy of reaction affect the rate of a reaction?
The enthalphy of a reaction does not influence the rate of reaction, it may however influence the rate of the reverse reaction, as we now would have a change in potential energy (for example an exothermic reaction requires more energy to go in the reverse then does an endothermic). This is why you can consider some products thermodynamically favourable - as they are the exothermic product which would require more energy to turn back towards reactants then to stay as products. Overall rate is not seen in the various rate law or rate of reaction equations utilised such as arrhenius temperature dependance or the rate law equation. Rate is indepedant of enthalpy WRT to forward reaction.
The rate of chemical reactions depend on what four things?
Factors affecting the reaction rate: - Concentrations of the reactants- Temperature- Pressure- Stirring- Catalysts- Granulometry (and the surface area) of the reactants- Reaction order- Type of the reaction- The solvent used- External factors as irradiationetc.
