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Elevated LD, or lactate dehydrogenase, in a blood test typically indicates tissue damage or cell death. LD is an enzyme found in many tissues throughout the body, and increased levels can be seen in conditions such as heart attack, liver disease, muscle injury, or certain cancers. Further investigation is usually needed to determine the specific cause of the elevated LD levels and to guide appropriate treatment.

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7mo ago

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What are intrinsic and extrinsic incubation periods?

Circadian timing was assessed with forced desynchrony (FD) in 10 healthy adolescents (five boys, five girls; mean age 13.7 years). Following 10 days of entrainment to a fixed light-dark (LD) schedule at home, participants were studied under dim light (<20 lux) in the laboratory. A 28-h schedule (FD) was imposed for 12×28-h cycles. Saliva was collected at 30- or 60-min intervals throughout; core temperature was measured in constant routines (CR) before and after FD. Intrinsic circadian period was estimated by linear regression using temperature minimum from CRs and dim-light salivary melatonin onsets and offsets from FD. Average intrinsic circadian period for core temperature (n=7) was 24.30±0.20, for melatonin onset was 24.33±0.21, and for melatonin offset was 24.35±0.21. Intrinsic circadian period in every adolescent was greater than 24 h.


Rank the intermolecular forces in order from strongest to weakest?

The strongest intermolecular force is Hydrogen Bonding! Hydrogen atoms have a very strong attraction to Fluorine, Oxygen, and Nitrogen atoms, a molecule with Hydrogen and a molecule with F, O, or N will form strong hydrogen bonds. Just remember FON or NOF. (It's important to note that hydrogen bonding does NOT occur with hydrogen atoms that are bonded to carbon atoms.) The second strongest is dipole-dipole attraction. Some molecules are polar, meaning they have a positive and negative pole, kind of like magnets. And just like magnets, two polar molecules attract because one's negative pole is attracted to the other's positive pole. The weakest of them all is London Dispersion force. This force exists between all molecules, no matter what atoms are in them. Basically, as electrons fly around the nuclei of atoms, they'll often create a very weak dipole that exists only for a tiny fraction of a second. Basically these LD forces are just like D-D forces except weaker.