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The Principles of Mendelian Heredity:

A. Law of Segregation (First law)-The Law of Segregation states that when any individual produces gametes, the copies of a gene separate so that each gamete receives only one copy. A gamete will receive one allele or the other. The direct proof of this was later found following the observation of meiosis by two independent scientists, the German botanist, Oscar Hertwig in 1876, and the Belgian zoologist, Edouard Van Beneden in 1883. In meiosis the paternal and maternal chromosomes get separated and the alleles with the traits of a character are segregated into two different gametes.

B. Law of Independent Assortment(Second law)-The Law of Independent Assortment, also known as "Inheritance Law", states that alleles of different genes assort independently of one another during gamete formation. While Mendel's experiments with mixing one trait always resulted in a 3:1 ratio (Fig. 1) between dominant and recessive phenotypes, his experiments with mixing two traits (dihybrid cross) showed 9:3:3:1 ratios (Fig. 2). But the 9:3:3:1 table shows that each of the two genes are independently inherited with a 3:1 phenotypic ratio. Mendel concluded that different traits are inherited independently of each other, so that there is no relation, for example, between a cat's color and tail length. This is actually only true for genes that are not linked to each othe

Independent assortment occurs during meiosis I in eukaryotic organisms, specifically metaphase I of meiosis, to produce a gamete with a mixture of the organism's maternal and paternal chromosomes. Along with chromosomal crossover, this process aids in increasing genetic diversity by producing novel genetic combinations.

Of the 46 chromosomes in a normal diploid human cell, half are maternally-derived (from the mother's egg) and half are paternally-derived (from the father's sperm). This occurs as sexual reproduction involves the fusion of two haploid gametes (the egg and sperm) to produce a new organism having the full complement of chromosomes. During gametogenesis-the production of new gametes by an adult-the normal complement of 46 chromosomes needs to be halved to 23 to ensure that the resulting haploid gamete can join with another gamete to produce a diploid organism. An error in the number of chromosomes, such as those caused by a diploid gamete joining with a haploid gamete, is termed aneuploidy.

In independent assortment the chromosomes that end up in a newly-formed gamete are randomly sorted from all possible combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes. Because gametes end up with a random mix instead of a pre-defined "set" from either parent, gametes are therefore considered assorted independently. As such, the gamete can end up with any combination of paternal or maternal chromosomes. Any of the possible combinations of gametes formed from maternal and paternal chromosomes will occur with equal frequency. For human gametes, with 23 pairs of chromosomes, the number of possibilities is 223 or 8,388,608 possible combinations.[3] The gametes will normally end up with 23 chromosomes, but the origin of any particular one will be randomly selected from paternal or maternal chromosomes. This contributes to the genetic variability of progeny.

Law of Dominance:

Mendel's law of dominance states that if you have a pair of genes then the one that shows up in the offspring is most likely the dominant gene because the dominant is passed along more often than the recessive.

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Related Questions

What hereditary factors were described by Mendel?

The first person to put heredity to the test was Gregor Mendel, who systematically tracked dominant and recessive traits in his famous pea plants. Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to their offspring. No one knew about genes at the time. He described what he saw which we call traits.


What Gregor Mendel invented?

His name was not Mendel Gregor, but his name was actually Gregor Mendel. He invented a law of heredity and genetics known as Mendel's Laws of Heredity. Do YOU like me?


What did Gregor Mendel mean when he talked about factors?

Gregor Mendel referred to factors as units of heredity that are responsible for the transmission of traits from parents to offspring. These factors are what we now know as genes, which determine an organism's characteristics. Mendel's work laid the foundation for the field of genetics.


Did Gregor Mendel discover the laws of motion growth or heredity?

Gregor Mendel discovered the fundamental laws of heredity through his experiments with pea plants. These laws are known as Mendel's laws of inheritance.


What are Mendel's factors?

Mendel's factors, now known as genes, are units of heredity that control specific traits in organisms. They are passed from parents to offspring and determine characteristics like eye color, height, and blood type. Genes are made up of DNA and are located on chromosomes in the cell.


Known for developing the laws of heredity?

Mendel


How did meiosis explain Mendel's results?

Mendel's laws and meiosis provide the foundation for heredity.


Job history on gregor Mendel?

Invented heredity


Who formulated the basic law of heredity?

Gregor mendel


Who discovered chromosome as a heredity bearer?

Gregor Mendel


Who was responsible for providing the principals of heredity?

Gregor Mendel


What organisms did gregor mendel worked with?

Brother Mendel did his work in heredity using pea plants.