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In order to transform the observation of a natural phenomenon into a valid scientific experiment the following conditions must be fulfilled

* It has to be a quantitative observation, that is a relationship between quantities expressing the measures of physical or chemical variables has to be obtained;

* The way in which the measure has been achieved has to be carefully described so that the measure can be repeated with exactly the same procedure by different scientists, in different places and in different times;

* The measurement error has to be carefully evaluated on the ground of the characteristics of the adopted measure procedure and instruments;

* Every time the measure is repeated by different persons in different places and in different times the same results have to be obtained within the measurement errors;

For example the so called cold fusion is not a valid scientific experiment since the results obtained in the first experiment by Fleischmann and Pons are not reproducible in other labs and the experiment procedure has never been explained in detail.

Naturally, if someone claims a result but the claim is based on an observation that is not a valid experiment, it is not a scientific result, but nothing can be told on the base phenomenon, simply it has not been observed correctly.

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12y ago

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