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"Sailors have long used ropes with weights on the end to measure depths in shallow water. Often they tied knots 6 feet (1 fathom) apart in the rope for ease of measurement. The number of knots let out gave the depth in fathoms once the weight hit the bottom. The first accurate physical measurements of the deep ocean bottom were made by Sir J. Clark Ross in 1840 who measured a depth of 4435 meters off Antarctica. Later, extensive depth recordings were taken by scientists on the H.M.S. Challenger using steam-driven winches with one inch hemp rope that did not tangle."

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Q: What tools were used on the HMS Challenger?
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