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There are many ways to describe the speed of a processor.

The external or internal clock frequency is often quoted (typically as a figure in gigahertz (GHz) or megahertz (MHz)), however, the clock frequency itself only allows for speed comparison between otherwise identical systems.

Objective benchmarks to compare different systems and to produce a reproducible absolute performance figure are much harder to find. Benchmark programs (starting with the classic Drystone and Wheatstone algorithms) try to provide this, while others attempt to quantify the processing power by the number of floating point operations per second (FLOPS).

However, all such tools suffer from hardware dependencies, such as the type and amount of cache memory available on the various caching levels, and are generally not a good indicator for the overall performance of a system.

Even when external factors can be largely eliminated or ignored, comparing different processors typically requires executing a reference program (a 'benchmark' program). The performance of this measurement reflects the processor's performance as well as the quality (effectiveness) of the code executed, as different compilers will compile the same source into different output with varying degrees of perfection.

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