Scientists do not make "star fuel," and stars, for the most part are not fueled by carbon, anyway.
Stars are mostly fueled by hydrogen which was formed in the very early history of the universe, shortly after the "Big Bang."
To learn more about how stars formed and what make them "burn", you should go to a website like http://www.kidsastronomy.com/
Scientists actually use two measurements to identify a star's brightness. One is luminosity, or the energy that star puts out. Another is magnitude, or the amount of light a star puts out.
Scientists would use the Doppler Effect to calculate the distance to a Star which had the newly-discovered planet.
In short... Nebula of gases --> Protostar --> Brown Dwarf --> Yellow Star --> Blue Giant --> Blue Super Giant --> Red Super Giant --> Super Nova --> Black Hole/Neutron Star/White Dwarf You should note that at any time in the life cycle of a star it may simply run out of fuel and then fade into a white dwarf. Interesting side-note if our sun should evolve into a blue giant it would eliminate all life on earth and if our sun were to run out of fuel and turn into a white dwarf it would eliminate all life on earth. Food for thought :)
Burning requires a flammable material and oxygen as well as a heat source. Rocket fuel will burn in space because it contains its own oxygen. Applying a heat source will ignite rocket fuel. A fuel such as gasoline will not burn in space as there is no oxygen present.
Stars of the main sequence with masses about 9 times as large as our Sun will normally form supernovas, the cataclysmic explosion of the star. When they near the end of their hydrogen-to-helium fusion cycle, the heat and pressure inside the star can begin further fusion reactions in various layers (helium-to-carbon, carbon-to-neon, neon-to-oxygen, oxygen-to-silicon, and silicon-to-iron). Eventually, however, the outward force of these reactions can no longer support the gravitational weight of the outer layers. When they collapse, they trigger an explosive compression and rebound that blows off a large proportion of the star's mass. (see related question)
A star's core consists mostly of hydrogen. As the star ages, the amount of helium, carbon and other elements in the core increases as they are the result "ash" resulting from the consumption of the hydrogen fuel.
To find the diameter of a star, scientists use a method called interferometry. This involves combining data from multiple telescopes to create a detailed image of the star's surface. By measuring the angular size of the star and its distance from Earth, astronomers can calculate its diameter.
To create an H-R diagram, scientists must measure a star's luminosity (or absolute magnitude) and its surface temperature (or spectral class). Luminosity indicates the total energy output of the star, while surface temperature reflects its color and spectral characteristics. These two properties allow scientists to categorize stars and understand their evolutionary stages.
By the star's spectrum.
A neutron star is already the remains of a massive star that has run out of fuel.
Carbon and oxygen are the two main elements that make up a white dwarf star. These elements are the end products of nuclear fusion in the core of the star before it exhausted its nuclear fuel and collapsed to form a white dwarf.
Neutron stars do not have fuel. A neutron star is a remnant of a star that has already died.
The big bang was when basically a small amount of hydrogen and helium that were tightly compacted expanded in a BIG BANG and began to form other elements. That is only a theory developed by extremely smart scientists. Other scenarios that explain the creation of the universe do exist. A black hole is not from the breaking of a star but more like the dying of a star. When a large star runs out of fuel (which is the fussion of hydrogen and helium particles creating heat) the star begins to die. Large stars explode in a supernova. Supernova create beautiful patterns and the elements left behind can collect into a nebula and be the place where new stars are formed. When some large stars run out of fuel they may collapse in on themselves and sometimes the pressure can create a suction-like thing called a black hole.
the yellow star
All stars fuse hydrogen into helium. Near the end of their lives, large stars progress to fusing helium into carbon.
a dwarf star
Go to create a super star ooption and create it