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The dipole in water is caused by the difference in electronegativity between Oxygen and Hydrogen. Oxygen is more electronegative than Hydrogen, so is better able to attract electrons towards itself. This results in the electron pair in the covalent O-H bond being more localised on the Oxygen atom, corresponding to less electron density on Hydrogen. Due to the additional electron density, the Oxygen is slightly negatively charged, while the lack of electron density on Hydrogen makes it slightly positively charged.

The reason for the difference in electronegativity is the number of protons in the nuclei of the two atoms. Hydrogen has a single proton, while Oxygen has 8, resulting in greater positive attraction for negatively charged electrons, outweighing the shielding effect of the full 1s shell of Oxygen.

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