Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of disorders caused by ineffective blood cell production in the bone marrow, leading to various blood-related issues. The exact cause can vary, but factors may include genetic mutations, exposure to certain chemicals or radiation, and previous chemotherapy treatments. These conditions often result in symptoms like anemia, fatigue, and increased risk of infections or bleeding. Ultimately, MDS represents a failure of the bone marrow to produce healthy blood cells effectively.