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This depends on the kind of radiation. Most electromagnetic radiation is harmless (e.g. broadcast radio) or only very slightly harmful (e.g. microwave, infrared, and visible light can cause heating of materials and thus thermal changes). However very high energy electromagnetic radiation (e.g. ultraviolet, x-ray, gamma ray) and the particulate radiation of radioactive decay and cosmic rays has enough energy to break the bonds holding molecules together, causing chemical changes.

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