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Extraneous variables are any variables other than the independent variable (the experimental variable) that can affect the real-world situation, with multiple uncontrollable variables that can affect the outcome of any experimental manipulation. These include the different personality, intellectual, and motivational qualities of the individual students in the various classes and the nature and quality of their interactions. Added to this is the fact that each class has a different teacher, whose own personal teaching style may influence the outcome. Some of these extraneous variables can be statistically controlled by the use of techniques like analysis of covariance, but this may be of limited value in a small scale intervention.

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Q: Why it is difficult to control extraneous variables in class rooms?
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