Gazetteer
Hot Spot
The human development index can be used to group nations as developed, developing, and least developed. Most developing nations are going through industrialization.
Historical geography.
geographic is the measurements on earth
"Japan used Geographic isolation more than once" Is a sentence using Geographic isolation.
A dictionary. If you mean a book of maps, that's called an atlas.
gazetteer
They are called index fossils.
It's found in the back of the dictionary.
fee schedule
Both indexes and indices are acceptable plurals for index in English--and in that order of preference today (Authority: Oxford English Dictionary, Merriam-Webster Dictionary, American Heritage Dictionary, and about 20 others of similar standing.)
You may obtain a list of cities by consulting the index of a geographic atlas.
wide geographic distribution and short geologic time range
One modern tool used is called GIS : Geographic Information System.
A dictionary is one possible synonym for glossary. A lexicon might be another. It can also be called a word list, a word index, vocabulary, or a definitions list.
Well, there isn't an index in every dictionary. For the ones that have them though, I think it is because dictionaries are arranged alphabetically, and not everything that you want to find is arranged the same way. So, if you want to know measurement units for instance, you don't have to search the entire dictionary to find them. You could refer to the index, which will tell you what words are associated with that subject, and you could then look up the ones you needed more information about.
Dictionary is called "शब्दकोष" in Hindi.