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The pessimistic viewpoint on population growth is that they think that a population which has a high growth rate will put a strain on resources. They believe that there will not be enough resources to be able to supply the large population.

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Population pessimism remains associated with Thomas Malthus, who warned in 1798 that humans would tend to multiply their numbers while resources available for their upkeep were limited, resulting in susbsistence crisis. This failed to happen in the 19th and 20th centuries as both global population and living standards rose at an increasing rate, though some countries suffered periodic famine as had happened in past centuries. The rate of world population increase is now falling, but it is likely to take a century for growth to end. Pessimists today fear that this slowdown will be too little and too late to prevent catastrophic ecological and resource crisis, while optimists hope that reduced fertility and technological advance will allow a "soft landing" and avert disaster.

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