Around the country is a prepositional phrase.
An enclave is a small part of a country that is entirely surrounded by the territory of another country. This results in the enclave being geographically separated from the main part of its own country.
Continent is a noun.
Haiti is part of the country of Hispaniola, sharing the island with the Dominican Republic.
Turkey is a country that could be considered to be a part of Europe and a part of the Middle East. A small part of Turkey is in Europe, with the rest being in Asia and could be regarded as part of the Middle East.
The farthest part of a country usually refers to its borders or territories that are located the greatest distance from the country's center or capital.
A phrase is never a part of speech, only a word.
Prepositional phrase
The phrase "in addition" is a prepositional phrase in which "in" is the preposition and "addition" is its object. This phrase, as a phrase, is not a part of speech, although it may function as one, probably an adjective or adverb.
A prepositional phrase.
On the mountain top is a preposition phrase, not a part of speech.
That I am is a phrase, the individual words in the phrase are parts of speech. That -- demonstrative, determiner I -- pronoun am -- be verb
adverb phrase
verb
A prepositional phrase.
A prepositional phrase.
A phrase like 'under a vow' is not a part of speech. It is a phrase that is made up of parts of speech. under is a preposition a is an article vow is a noun
The phrase "are required" is a verb in its passive voice.