If you are outside the US you file a petition with the US Embassy for the country where you currently live.
The US State Department has some information on non-immigrant US visas.
USCIS is the agency that handles the actual visa processing.
The US Embassy in your country will have the most detailed descriptions of the non-immigrant visas and how to obtain them on the Embassy website.
yes
The non-immigrant visa number shows up in red ink on the lower-right side of the K-1 Visa.
Depends what visa and what country
Depends what visa and what country
No, the F1 visa is not considered an immigrant visa. It is a non-immigrant student visa specifically for international students who want to study full-time at a US-approved college, university, or language school. It does not grant permanent residency and requires you to maintain a student status.
Do you need sponsorship for non immigrant visa?
Depends what visa and what country
No
an approval from the USCIS for a non-immigrant visa.
italy
nope
No, a J-1 visa is a non immigrant visa and therefore not eligible for transition into resident status.