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Structural adjustment programs (SAPs) have been criticized for their emphasis on austerity measures, which can lead to reduced public spending on essential services like healthcare and education, disproportionately affecting the poor. Critics argue that these programs often prioritize economic liberalization and privatization without considering the social and environmental impacts, exacerbating inequality and undermining local economies. Additionally, the conditionalities imposed by international financial institutions can undermine national sovereignty and limit governments' ability to implement policies that address their unique developmental needs.

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