Biology

do you mean fuels? nuclear energy is the best alternative energy source.

A food web pyramid.
The ecological pyramid, also referred to as the energy pyramid.

The correct answer is Oxygen, otherwise air. (APEX)

Percolation leads to water entering an aquifer.

The light reactions provide the energy carriers used in the Calvin cycle

The thylakoid will have fewer hydrogen ions.

From the motion of hydrogen ions

from the kinetic energy of hydrogen ions passing through ATP synthase

They come from Photosystem ll. Photosystem ll gets them by ripping the electrons off of water by a process called photolysis.

Electrons gain energy first in Photosystem ll, then later in photosystem l, through the absorption of energy from light.

ATP is produced for use by cells.