Chinese Dynasties

The majority of the population living in the Middle East are followers of Islam (muslims).

Ottoman conquests substantially weakened the Byzantine Empire.

Late Mughal leaders' intolerance of non-Muslim citizens weakened the empire.

To help restore traditional Chinese culture after Yuan rule

Both dynasties heavily restricted trade with Europe.

There are several ways that the Caliph, and the Sunni Religious Order he led in the Ottoman Empire, as well as the Islamic Law helped the Ottoman Sultans and the other secular authorities maintain power.

Geographic Organization: One of the key ways that the mosques served the Ottoman Empire was by keeping parish records of the Ottoman subjects. This allowed the sultan to know how many births and deaths there were in every village in the empire as well as know how many able-bodied men could be summoned as footsoldiers should the need arise. Since the mosques were managed by the government's religious ministry, these records were directly accessible to the sultan. Additionally, since most Imams could read, even though the population in general could not, the mosque could become a place where imperial proclamations could be read out to the population after the khobta or sermon. This allowed for easy dissemination of information from the government to the general population.

Military Assistance: In many parts of the Ottoman military, there were Sufi Mystics who served as patriotic military chaplains. They would provide zeal and patriotism to rally the Ottoman soldiers to the defense of the Empire for religious motives and take care of the soldiers' spiritual concerns. In this way, they helped to motivate the armies.

Dispute Resolution: Al-Qanun (the Religious Law) and the Qadis (Religious Legal Scholars / Judges) served to provide legal and equitable remedies to the people. Al-Qanun was enforceable from religious courts to all secular domains, so the disputes resolved in the religious courts and overseen by the Caliph had actual effect and restored domestic tranquility. Additionally, by allowing the Qadis to oversee the allocation of justice, the sultan was freer to allocate funds to imperial construction products or military endeavors, allowing the Ottomans to more effectively police their territory and expand it.

Cultural Unity: The dominance of Sunni Islam in all parts of the Ottoman Empire helped solidify a unified culture, especially in places like the Arab World, where most of the population resented Turkish control over Non-Turks. The loyalty to the Caliph in all parts of the Sunni Islamic World gave implicit legitimacy to the Ottoman Empire even from those Sunni Muslims who otherwise would consider rebelling and restoring local Non-Turkish power.

Sultan's Impunity: With the Caliph established as the supreme moral authority, the sultan was not required to be as moral as he would otherwise be required. This allowed the sultan to be crueler to his prisoners and enemies and to violate standards of decency (such as drinking alcohol or having a harem of over four women) without being impeached for it. In many cases, the sultan used direct force to compel obedience and not needing to save face afterwards permitted this to continue. Conversely, the Caliph would have to live a life of piety.

European manufactured goods were generally of lower quality than Chinese goods.

In the 1400s and 1500s, more slaves were sold between African countries than across the Atlantic. In the 1600s, more slaves were sold across the Atlantic.

Most of the slaves faced horrible conditions on the ships.

Vietnam successfully resisted Chinese attempts at occupation, while Japan was never engaged in direct conflict with China.

Both dynasties used exams to select officials.

leading a series of successful trade missions

Answer this question… Interactions and exchange between cultures have become easier than ever before.

No. Islam didn't split into two groups at the death of the Prophet SAW. It split into two political groups when the rebels mercilessly martyred the third Rightful Caliph Hazrat Usman RAU. The religious division came much later.

Which of these actions is an example of tribute

indian

Its region A for Apex (Just took the test)

Harshly declared china saw no value

The conquest of Mehmed lmk established the Ottoman Empire

The Porteguese face written complaints, while the dutch faced armed resistance. -apex

We don't have your statements so I can't answer your question.

APEX: Individualism

foreign militaries began developing more advanced weaponry than the ottoman military