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Their principal function is to transport oxygen from the atmosphere into the bloodstream, and to release carbon dioxide from the bloodstream into the atmosphere. This exchange of gases is accomplished in the mosaic of specialized cells that form millions of tiny, exceptionally thin-walled air sacs called alvioli

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Lungs consist of a series of tubes of ever-decreasing size, which carry air to and from the blood at the gas exchange surface in the 'alveoli'. These alveoli are microscopic hollow balls (at the ends of thousands of tubes) which are covered on the outside by blood capillaries (extremely narrow blood vessels) and a thin layer of mucus on the inside, which increases the speed at which the air diffuses into and out of the blood. The spherical shape of the alveoli, the microscopic width of these hollow balls (allowing more to fit within a small space) and the density of blood vessels inside the lungs all maximise the surface area. A last, important note: the lungs are NOT 'designed'; human lungs have evolved from simple gas exchange organs like the lungs of lungfish, becoming increasingly complex over a very long period of time.


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