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Humans are unable to digest cellulose because the appropriate enzymes to breakdown the beta acetal linkages are lacking. (More on enzyme digestion in a later chapter.) indigestible cellulose is the fiber which aids in the smooth working of the intestinal tract.

Animals such as cows, horses, sheep, goats, and termites have symbiotic bacteria in the intestinal tract. These symbiotic bacteria possess the necessary enzymes to digest cellulose in the GI tract. They have the required enzymes for the breakdown or hydrolysis of the cellulose; the animals do not, not even termites, have the correct enzymes. No vertebrate can digest cellulose directly.

One of the comments indicated the reader is confused as to whether termites have the necessary enzymes to digest cellulose. The answer indicates, correctly, that they do not have the enzymes (innately). Instead, they have a symbiotic relationship with a bacteria that provides the needed enzymes. In other words, they have them, but only because a friendly organism supplies them with them.

Reference: http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/547cellulose.html
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