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The ilium is the final section of the small intestine, characterized by its long, narrow, and highly folded structure, which increases the surface area for nutrient absorption. Its wall comprises four layers: the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa. The mucosa features villi and microvilli, enhancing absorptive capacity through a brush border of epithelial cells, while the submucosa contains connective tissue and blood vessels. Under electron microscopy, the ultrastructure reveals tight junctions between epithelial cells, abundant mitochondria for energy, and specialized cells like Peyer's patches for immune function.

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