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The numerous air sacs that make up the lungs and the numerous filaments that make up the gills have a lot of surface area so they the organisms can take in more oxygen.

I think the term is cell mitosis or cell meiosis, i know that it is Osmosis with water. Essentially the air gets trapped in the sacks and passes through the cell wall into the blood, these sacks are lined with capillaries (thin channels of blood similar to tiny veins) and the chemicals move because the cells create a semipermeable membrane which is essentially a wall which lets things move through in one direction, the air and other chemicals then sift onto the blood to balance the concentration on either side and the cells then actively remove any chemicals they don't want if they can.

an easy example of osmosis would be if you put water with a 25% salt concentration on one side then put water with a 75% salt concentration on the other side (of a permeable membrane) you would end up after a few minutes with 50/50 saltwater on either side.

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