To reduce extrapyramidal effects, it is important to use antipsychotic medications judiciously, opting for atypical antipsychotics like aripiprazole or quetiapine, which have a lower risk of these side effects. Gradually adjusting dosages and closely monitoring patients can also help mitigate symptoms. Additionally, co-administering medications such as anticholinergics (e.g., benztropine) may alleviate symptoms if they arise. Regular follow-ups and patient education about potential side effects are crucial for effective management.
Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS)-- A group of side effects associated with antipsychotic medications. EPS include parkinsonism, akathisia, dystonia, and tardive dyskinesia.
Extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) are drug-induced movement disorders commonly associated with antipsychotic medications. Symptoms may include tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, and tardive dyskinesia, which manifest as involuntary movements of the face and body. Other side effects can include akathisia, characterized by restlessness and an inability to stay still. These effects can significantly impact a patient's quality of life and may require additional treatment to manage.
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Phenothiazines primarily function as antipsychotic medications by blocking dopamine D2 receptors in the brain, which helps to reduce symptoms of psychosis such as hallucinations and delusions. Additionally, they exhibit antagonistic effects on other neurotransmitter receptors, including serotonin, histamine, and adrenergic receptors, contributing to their sedative and antiemetic properties. This multi-receptor action accounts for both their therapeutic effects and potential side effects, such as sedation and extrapyramidal symptoms.
According to the affected brain area, MJD is classified as Type I, with extrapyramidal insufficiency; Type II, with cerebellar, pyramidal, and extrapyramidal insufficiency; and Type III, with cerebellar insufficiency.
Neurological symptoms in patients affected with LBD include extrapyramidal features early in the disease. The extrapyramidal symptoms in LBD can be differentiated from other dementias such as Parkinson's disease
Lead is a material that can neutralize radiation and help reduce its harmful effects.
Haldol (haloperidol) is an antipsychotic medication that can cause side effects due to its effects on neurotransmitters in the brain, particularly dopamine. Common side effects include sedation, restlessness, and extrapyramidal symptoms such as tremors or stiffness. These reactions can contribute to feelings of discomfort or malaise. Additionally, the medication's potency and the dosage can influence how a person experiences side effects.
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1st generation : more likely to bind to D2 receptors2nd generation : more likely to bind to D4 receptorsThat's why we get less extra-pyramidal side effects with 2nd generation (because extra-pyramidal side effects are mediated mainly through D2 receptors).
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Most commonly, it stands for extrapyramidal symptoms.