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The Endocrine System by:Dr.A. Leonardo The Endocrine System The endocrine system is an information signaling system much like the nervous system. However, the nervous system uses nerves to conduct information, whereas the endocrine system uses blood vessels as information channels. Glands located in many regions of the body release into the bloodstream specific chemical messengers called hormones, which regulate the many and varied functions of an organism. The typical endocrine organ is a ductless gland that secretes chemical mediators directly into local blood vessels which circulate within the body via the bloodstream. These hormones travel to distant organs to regulate the target organ's function. This is classical endocrine signalling. Other signalling can target the same cell (known as Autocrine signalling) or nearby cells (known as Paracrine signalling). Hormones are also instrumental in regulating mood, growth and development, tissue function, and metabolism, as well as sending messages and acting on them. A number of glands which signal each other in sequence is usually referred to as an axis, for example the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Typical endocrine glands are the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands. Features of endocrine glands are typically their ductless nature, their vascularity and usually the presence of intracellular vacuoles or granules storing their hormones. In contrast exocrine glands such as salivary glands, sweat glands and glands within the gastrointestinal tract tend to be much less vascular and have ducts or a hollow lumen.

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