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Leukocytes come in different types: Lymphocytes, Neutrophils (which can be segmented or banded), Monocytes, Basophils and Eosinophils. A differential leukocyte count means they count the ammount of each type of leukocyte, this can be expressed in percentage or absolut values.

This has a great value for medical diagnosis, since variations in different leukocytes can be indicative of certain diseases. For example, in HIV infection, the number of lymphocytes diminish progressively. Eosinophils can be high during allergic reactions or SOME parasitic infections. Large ammounts of neutrophils (with bands over 7%, which is called "left shift") can be found in bacterial infections. Any of the types could be increased in cases of leukemia or lymphoma. Although these changes are no definitive proof for any disease, they help the medic to arrive to a proper diagnosis.

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