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By the migration of a potential charge.

When a neuron gets stressed (stretch receptors) or receives a signal (a neurotransmitter) it can either cause a positive or negative change in that neurons membrane potential. If the change is POSITIVE enough, and lets in enough Na+ through ligand gated ion channels (where the neurotransmitters bind) , then the cell will be able to fire. Fireing means that a bunch of voltage gated ion channels open to allow more Na+ in, in a chain reaction fashion. As the channel detects a positive change in voltage, it opens its channel to allow even more positive ions to enter the cell. After the Na+ channels open, K+ channels open to let out K+, to help restore the resting potential of about -60. The Na/K pump will help to re-establish the correct resting potential after this chain reaction has moved all the way down the cells axon. The meyelin sheath helps these reactions "jump" down the axon, and therefore makes it faster and more efficient. When the reaction reaches the end terminal of the neuron Ca+ is used instead of Na+, Ca+ has an unusual affect on vesicles, making them want to leave the cell, contained in these vesicles are neurtransmitters, which go to a new cell and the process starts all over again.

Using Cl- instead of Na+ at the ligand gated ion channels in the dendrites will make the cell more negative and harder to depolarize and trigger the voltage gatted Na+ channels. Certain neurotransmitters bind to these Cl channels and different ones bind to the Na+ channels.

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