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Blood needs three factors present to clot, termed Virchow's triad. These three factors are as follows:

1, a hypercoagulatable state, meaning that the blood has the ability to clot quickly due to increased platelets or thick blood due to dehydration.

2, vessel incontinuity, meaning that there is a disruption in the naturally smooth inner lining of the blood vessel. This can happen naturally over time due to the many bends and manipulation of blood vessels over a lifetime, or due to other issues such as smoking which places microscopic particles in the bloodstream that tear up the inside lining of the vessels.

3, blood stasis, which means blood pooling and standing still. When blood moves through a vessel, it moves typically in what is called a parabolic profile. This means that the blood in the center of the vessel is moving the fastest, and the blood in contact with the walls is virtually motionless. This blood can clot if it is hypercoagulatable, in contact with a rough surface of a damaged vessel, and is motionless.

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