The udder, of course.
Calving.
Yes they do. Cows giving milk is as natural as they come: ALL female mammals, after giving birth, produce milk.
Rectal prolapse in cows before giving birth can be caused by prolonged straining during labor, excess stress or pressure on the rectum and pelvic area, or underlying health issues such as rectal strictures or infections. It is important to consult a veterinarian for prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent complications for both the cow and the unborn calf.
No, cows continue to lactate after giving birth (between pregnancies). Many cows are 'dried off' (where they stop lactating) during the later stage of pregnancy before she gives birth again.
Yes. They have no problems giving birth when on their sides; sometimes its necessary because of the pain and contractions that are going through them that are so powerful that they can't stand to deliver their calf. A cow lying down to give birth will not hurt the cow nor the calf.
It is a term for an animal that is giving birth, such as calving in cows.
Yes. A cow that is not producing milk is called a dry cow. Dry cows are those that are a result of the weaning process, and are granted a period of rest before giving birth again.
They shouldn't. They should only get contractions when they are in the stages of giving birth. If a cow were to have contractions during pregnancy, this would mean she's in the process of aborting her calf, which is not a good thing to have happen for any cattle person, no matter what size of cow herd they're in charge of.
Yes, to chew their cud.
Yes all cows give milk (referring to "cows" as the mature female bovines that have given birth to at least one calf, not the colloquial term for "cow"), and yes they can only give milk if they have recently given birth. To confuse the reader even more, the answer to the first question would be "no" if one were to use the word "cow" in a colloquial sense, which would still make the answer "yes" to the second question since those cows that are capable of giving birth are the only ones that can give milk. The male cows (there are really no such things, but I'll keep going anyway) cannot give milk nor give birth, so they are obviously out of the picture as to being the ones giving milk or giving birth.
Today, modern dairy cows are bred specifically to produce large quantities of milk. Like humans, cows only produce milk after they have given birth, and dairy cows must give birth to one calf per year in order to continue producing milk. Typically they are artificially inseminated within three months of giving birth.