HPV infects the squamous (surface) cells of the cervix. It begins as a low grade lesion, progressing to a high grade, microinvasive, and eventually an invasive cancerous lesion.
A urinary tract infection cannot and will not turn into cervical cancer. Cervical cancer is typically caused by HPV. HPV has nothing to do with urinary tract infection.
It stays forever and may turn into cancer.
One form of cancer starting with the letter "C" is Colorectal Cancer. Colorectal cancer refers to cancer that develops in the colon or rectum, which are parts of the large intestine. It usually begins as noncancerous polyps, which can, over time, turn into cancer. Regular screenings, such as colonoscopies, can help detect and remove polyps before they become cancerous or detect colorectal cancer at an early, more treatable stage. Other types of cancer that start with the letter "C" include Cervical Cancer, Breast Cancer, and Lung Cancer, among others.
No, cancer is not a complication of chlamydia. Long-term effects of untreated chlamydia can include chronic pain or infertility, but not cancer. Almost all cervical cancer is due to HPV, a different germ from chlamydia. Chlamydia doesn't cause cervical cancer. However, the same risk factors for chlamydia are risk factors for cervical cancer -- multiple sexual partners, a history of sexually transmissible infection, etc. As for treatment of chlamydia infection, antibiotics are the most common but it will cause drug resistance and can be easily recurrent. Herbal medicine like Fuyan Pill maybe a better option compared with antibiotics, because it is made from Chinese herbs without any side effects and drug resistance.
Cervical cancer is cancer that starts in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus (womb) that opens at the top of the vagina.Worldwide, cervical cancer is the third most common type of cancer in women. It is much less common in the United States because of the routine use of Pap smears.Cervical cancers start in the cells on the surface of the cervix. There are two types of cells on the cervix's surface: squamous and columnar. Most cervical cancers are from squamous cells.Cervical cancer usually develops very slowly. It starts as a precancerous condition called dysplasia. This precancerous condition can be detected by a Pap smear and is 100% treatable. It can take years for precancerous changes to turn into cervical cancer. Most women who are diagnosed with cervical cancer today have not had regular Pap smears or they have not followed up on abnormal Pap smear results.Almost all cervical cancers are caused by HPV (human papilloma virus). HPV is a common virus that is spread through sexual intercourse. There are many different types of HPV. Some strains lead to cervical cancer. (Other strains may cause genital warts, while others do not cause any problems at all.)A woman's sexual habits and patterns can increase her risk for cervical cancer. Risky sexual practices include having sex at an early age, having multiple sexual partners, and having multiple partners or partners who participate in high-risk sexual activities.Risk factors for cervical cancer include:Not getting the HPV vaccinePoor economic statusWomen whose mothers took the drug DES (diethylstilbestrol) during pregnancy in the early 1960s to prevent miscarriageWeakened immune system
While cervical cancer and ovarian cancer are distinct forms of cancer that originate in different parts of the female reproductive system, there is a recognized association between the two, although the link is not entirely clear-cut. Association between Cervical Cancer and Ovarian Cancer: Shared Risk Factors: Some risk factors are common to both cervical cancer and ovarian cancer. These include infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV), a family history of gynecological cancers, and a history of certain reproductive conditions. Genetic Factors: In some cases, specific genetic mutations, such as mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, are associated with an increased risk of both cervical and ovarian cancers. Women with these genetic mutations may have a higher risk of developing cancers in various reproductive organs. Inherited Syndromes: Hereditary syndromes, such as Lynch syndrome, can increase the risk of multiple cancers, including both cervical and ovarian cancers. Pelvic Spread: In advanced stages, cervical cancer can potentially spread to nearby pelvic organs, including the ovaries. This spread is known as metastasis. Screening and Prevention: Pap Smears: Regular Pap smears or Pap tests are effective in detecting precancerous changes in the cervix. Early detection and treatment of cervical abnormalities can help prevent the development of cervical cancer. HPV Vaccination: Vaccination against high-risk HPV types can reduce the risk of cervical cancer and its precursors. This, in turn, may indirectly contribute to reducing the risk of associated cancers. Genetic Counseling: Women with a family history of gynecological cancers or known genetic mutations may benefit from genetic counseling and testing. Identifying high-risk individuals allows for personalized screening and prevention strategies. It's important to note that while there is an association, the majority of women with cervical cancer do not develop ovarian cancer, and vice versa. Regular screenings, vaccination against HPV, and understanding one's genetic risk factors can contribute to early detection and prevention efforts. Women concerned about their risk should consult with healthcare providers who can provide personalized guidance based on individual health histories and risk factors.
It takes many, many year for high risk HPV to cause cancer. If you get regular testing as recommended by your health care provider, you are unlikely to get cancer.It doesn't always turn into cancer. It depends on your strain and whether it is high or low risk. Get reguar PAP exams and watch it carefully.
The Cervical (neck) vertebrae.
The Cervical (neck) vertebrae.
DefinitionCervical cancer is cancer that starts in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus (womb) that opens at the top of the vagina.Alternative NamesCancer - cervixCauses, incidence, and risk factorsWorldwide, cervical cancer is the third most common type of cancer in women. It is much less common in the United States because of routine use of Pap smears.Cervical cancers start in the cells on the surface of the cervix. There are two types of cells on the cervix's surface: squamous and columnar. The majority of cervical cancers are from squamous cells.The development of cervical cancer is usually very slow. It starts as a precancerous condition called dysplasia. This precancerous condition can be detected by a Pap smear and is 100% treatable. That is why it is so important for women to get regular Pap smears. Most women that are diagnosed with cervical cancer today have not had regular Pap smears or they have not followed up on abnormal results.Undetected, precancerous changes can develop into cervical cancer and spread to the bladder, intestines, lungs, and liver. It can take years for precancerous changes to turn into cervical cancer. Patients with cervical cancer do not usually have problems until the cancer is advanced and has spread.Almost all cervical cancers are caused by HPV (human papilloma virus). HPV is a common virus that is spread through sexual intercourse. There are many different types of HPV. Some strains lead to cervical cancer. (Other strains may cause genital warts, while others do not cause any problems at all.)Other risk factors for cervical cancer include:Having sex at an early ageMultiple sexual partnersSexual partners who have multiple partners or who participate in high-risk sexual activitiesWomen whose mothers took the drug DES (diethylstilbestrol) during pregnancy in the early 1960s to prevent miscarriageWeakened immune systemPoor economic status (may not be able to afford regular Pap smears)SymptomsMost ot the time, early cervical cancer has no symptoms. Symptoms that may occur can include:Continuous vaginal discharge, which may be pale, watery, pink, brown, bloody, or foul-smellingAbnormal vaginal bleeding between periods, after intercourse, or after menopausePeriods become heavier and last longer than usualAny bleeding after menopauseSymptoms of advanced cervical cancer may include:Loss of appetiteWeight lossFatiguePelvic painBack painLeg painSingle swollen legHeavy bleeding from the vaginaLeaking of urine or feces from the vaginaBone fracturesSigns and testsPrecancerous changes of the cervix and cervical cancer can not be seen with the naked eye. Special tests and tools are needed to spot such conditions.Pap smears screen for precancers and cancer, but do not offer the final diagnosis. If abnormal changes are found, the cervix is usually examined under magnification. This is called colposcopy. Pieces of tissue are surgically removed (biopsied) during this procedure and sent to a laboratory for examination.Other tests may include:Endocervical curettage (ECC) to examine the opening of the cervixCone biopsyIf the woman is diagnosed with cervical cancer, the health care provider will order more tests to determine how far the cancer has spread. This is called staging. Tests may include:CT scanCystoscopyMRIChest x-rayIntravenous pyelogram (IVP)TreatmentTreatment of cervical cancer depends on the stage of the cancer, the size and shape of the tumor, the age and general health of the woman, and her desire to have children in the future.Early cervical cancer can be cured by removing or destroying the precancerous or cancerous tissue. There are various surgical ways to do this without removing the uterus or damaging the cervix, so that a woman can still have children in the future.Types of surgery for early cervical cancer include:LEEP (loop electrosurgical excision procedure) -- uses electricity to remove abnormal tissueCryotherapy -- freezes abnormal cellsLaser therapy -- uses light to burn abnormal tissueA hysterectomy(removal of the uterus but not the ovaries) is not often performed for cervical cancer that has not spread. It may be done in women who have repeated LEEP procedures.Treatment for more advanced cervical cancer may include:Radical hysterectomy, which removes the uterus and much of the surrounding tissues, including internal lymph nodes and upper part of the vagina.Pelvic exenteration, an extreme type of surgery in which all of the organs of the pelvis, including the bladder and rectum, are removedRadiation may be used to treat cancer that has spread beyond the pelvis, or cancer that has returned. Radiation therapy is either external or internal.Internal radiation therapy uses a device filled with radioactive material, which is placed inside the woman's vagina next to the cervical cancer. The device is removed when she goes home.External radiation therapy beams radiation from a large machine onto the body where the cancer is located. It is similar to an x-ray.Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer. Some of the drugs used for chemotherapy for cervical cancer include 5-FU, cisplatin, carboplatin, ifosfamide, paclitaxel, and cyclophosphamide. Sometimes radiation and chemotherapy are used before or after surgery.Support GroupsNational Cervical Cancer Coalition - http://www.nccc-online.org/Expectations (prognosis)Many factors influence the outcome of cervical cancer. These include:The type of cancerThe stage of the diseaseThe age and general physical condition of the womanPre-cancer conditions are completely curable when followed up and treated properly. The chance of being alive in 5 years (5-year survival rate) for cancer that has spread to the inside of the cervix walls but not outside the cervix area is 92%.However, the 5-year survival rate falls steadily as the cancer spreads into other areas.ComplicationsSome types of cervical cancer do not respond well to treatment.The cancer may come back (recur) after treatment.Women who have treatment to save the uterus have a high risk of the cancer coming back (recurrence).Surgery and radiation can cause problems with sexual, bowel, and bladder function.Calling your health care providerCall your health care provider if you:Are a sexually active woman who has not had a Pap smear in the past yearAre at least 20 years old and have never had a pelvic examination and Pap smearThink your mother may have taken DES when she was pregnant with youHave not had regular Pap smears (ask your health care provider how often you should have one performed)PreventionA new vaccine to prevent cervical cancer is now available. In June 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the vaccine called Gardasil, which prevents infection against the two types of HPV responsible for the majority of cervical cancer cases. Studies have shown that the vaccine appears to prevent early-stage cervical cancer and precancerous lesions. Gardasil is the first approved vaccine targeted specifically to prevent any type of cancer.Practicing safe sex (using condoms) also reduces your risk of HPV and other sexually transmitted diseases. HPV infection causes genital warts. These may be barely visible or several inches wide. If a woman sees warts on her partner's genitals, she should avoid intercourse with that person.To further reduce the risk of cervical cancer, women should limit their number of sexual partners and avoid partners who participate in high-risk sexual activities.Getting regular Pap smears can help detect precancerous changes, which can be treated before they turn into cervical cancer. Pap smears work very well in spotting such changes, but they must be done regularly. Annual pelvic examinations, including a pap smear, should start when a woman becomes sexually active, or by the age of 20 in a nonsexually active woman. If abnormal changes are seen, a colposcopy with biopsyshould be performed.See also: Physical exam frequencyIf you smoke, quit. Cigarette smoking is associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer.ReferencesArmstrong C. ACIP Releases Recommendations on Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine. Am Fam Physician. May 1, 2007;75(9);1391-1380.Kahn JA. HPV vaccination for the prevention of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. N Engl J Med. 2009 Jul 16;361(3):271-8.Noller KL. Intraepithelial neoplasia of the lower genital tract (cervix, vulva): Etiology, screening, diagnostic techniques, management. In: Katz VL, Lentz GM, Lobo RA, Gershenson DM, eds. Comprehensive Gynecology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby Elsevier; 2007:chap 28.NCCN Clinical Practical Guidelines in Oncology: Cervical cancer. V.1.2010. National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. Available at www.nccn.org. Accessed December 28, 2009.
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