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Mastectomy was the first "modern treatment" and was performed in 1882 at Johns Hopkins Hospital by William Halsted the father of modern aseptic surgical technique.

from Wikipedia "history of breast cancer":

"Mastectomy for breast cancer was performed at least as early as AD 548, when it was proposed by the court physician Aetios of Amida to Theodora. It was not until doctors achieved greater understanding of the circulatory system in the 17th century that they could link Breast cancer's spread to the lymph nodes in the armpit. The French surgeon Jean Louis Petit (1674--1750) and later the Scottish surgeon Benjamin Bell (1749--1806) were the first to remove the lymph nodes, breast tissue, and underlying chest muscle.

Their successful work was carried on by William Stewart Halsted who started performing radical mastectomies in 1882, helped greatly by advances in general surgical technology, such as aseptic techniqueand anesthesia. The Halsted radical mastectomy often involved removing both breasts, associated lymph nodes, and the underlying chest muscles. This often led to long-term pain and disability, but was seen as necessary in order to prevent the cancer from recurring. Before the advent of the Halsted radical mastectomy, 20-year survival rates were only 10%; Halsted's surgery raised that rate to 50%.

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