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The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys are bean-shaped organs, typically around 10-12 cm long, with a smooth outer surface and an inner medulla containing nephrons for filtration. Ureters are slender tubes, approximately 25-30 cm long, that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder, featuring muscular walls for peristaltic movement. The bladder is a muscular, expandable sac that can hold about 400-600 mL of urine, while the urethra is a thin tube that conveys urine from the bladder to the outside of the body, varying in length between genders.

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