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Support structures change: irregular plates of cartilage replace the cartilage rings, and by the time the bronchioles are reached, the tube walls no longer contain supportive cartilage.

Epithelium type changes: the mucosal epithelium things as it changes from pseudostratified columnar to columnar and then to cuboidal in the terminal bronchioles. Mucus-producing cells and cilia are sparse in the bronchioles. For this reason, most airborn debris found at or below the level of the bronchioles must be removed by macrophages in the alveoli.

Amount of smooth muscle increases: the relative amount of smooth muscle in the tube walls increases as the passageways become smaller. A complete layer of circular smooth muscle in the bronchioles and the lack of supporting cartilage (which would hinder construction) allows the bronchioles to provide substantial resistance to air passage.

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